Life Cycle Assessment Data
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Table R6 Nickel Oxide: Breakdown by Unit Process Stage |
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Cradle-to-gate LCA of 1 kg of Ni in Nickel Oxide (77% Nickel wt.) |
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| Flow | Units | Nickel Oxide Production TOTAL | Mining | Beneficiation | Primary Extraction for NiO | |
| Inputs: | (r) Coal (in ground) | kg | 3.1 | 4% | 7% | 89% |
| (r) Iron (Fe, ore) | kg | 7.4 E-04 | 18% | 30% | 51% | |
| (r) Limestone (CaCO3, in ground) | kg | 0.40 | 11% | 6% | 83% | |
| (r) Natural Gas (in ground) | kg | 3.5 | 2% | 1% | 96% | |
| (r) Nickel, in ground | kg | 2.5 | 79% | 0% | 21% | |
| (r) Oil (in ground) | kg | 4.5 | 2% | 2% | 96% | |
| (r) Uranium (U, ore) | kg | 2.5 E-05 | 8% | 6% | 86% | |
| Water Used: Total | liter | 309 | 3% | 6% | 91% | |
| Water: Public Network | liter | 8.5 | 4% | 4% | 92% | |
| Water: River | liter | 170 | 3% | 6% | 91% | |
| Water: Sea | liter | 3.2 E-04 | 40% | 40% | 20% | |
| Water: Unspecified Origin | liter | 96 | 3% | 2% | 95% | |
| Water: Well | liter | 35 | 2% | 18% | 80% | |
| Outputs: | (a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, fossil) | g | 26337 | 3% | 3% | 94% |
| (a) Carbon Monoxide (CO) | g | 62 | 7% | 8% | 86% | |
| (a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) | g | 85 | 5% | 3% | 92% | |
| (a) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) | g | 2.0 | 7% | 3% | 90% | |
| (a) Particulates (unspecified) | g | 74 | 10% | 3% | 87% | |
| (a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as SO2) | g | 2205 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (a) Methane (CH4) | g | 47 | 4% | 5% | 91% | |
| (a) Hydrocarbons (except methane) | g | 22 | 3% | 1% | 96% | |
| (a) Nickel (Ni) | g | 6.1 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (a) Chromium (Cr) | g | 3.3 E-03 | 4% | 5% | 91% | |
| (a) Arsenic (As) | g | 1.0 | 26% | 0% | 74% | |
| (a) Copper (Cu) | g | 1.2 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (a) Cobalt (Co) | g | 5.6 E-02 | 0% | 2% | 98% | |
| (a) Zinc (Zn) | g | 0.19 | 11% | 4% | 86% | |
| (a) Lead (Pb) | g | 0.53 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (a) Cadmium (Cd) | g | 3.7 E-03 | 0% | 3% | 96% | |
| (a) Mercury (Hg) | g | 3.6 E-02 | 24% | 0% | 76% | |
| (a) Silver (Ag) | g | 1.1 | 32% | 0% | 68% | |
| (a) Metals (unspecified) | g | 0.23 | 17% | 29% | 54% | |
| (a) Ammonia | g | 4.7 | 30% | 3% | 67% | |
| (a) Chloride (Cl2) | g | 1.3 E-03 | 12% | 0.8% | 87% | |
| (a) Dioxins (unspecified) | g | 4.4 E-07 | 96% | 0% | 4% | |
| (a) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) | g | 2.7 | 16% | 2% | 82% | |
| (a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) | g | 0.98 | 13% | 16% | 70% | |
| (a) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) | g | 3.9 E-05 | 44% | 38% | 18% | |
| (a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) | g | 5.9 E-02 | 11% | 8% | 81% | |
| (a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) | g | 4.6 E-02 | 8% | 9% | 83% | |
| (a) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) | g | 40 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) | g | 1.1 | 5% | 2% | 93% | |
| (w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) | g | 8.7 | 4% | 2% | 94% | |
| (w) Sulfates (SO4-) | g | 186 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N) | g | 269 | 0% | 90% | 10% | |
| (w) Phosphates (as P) | g | 9.9 E-03 | 1% | 3% | 95% | |
| (w) TOCs (Total Organic Compounds) | g | 0.43 | 0.9% | 1% | 98% | |
| (w) Arsenic, Total | g | 6.0 E-04 | 11% | 85% | 4% | |
| (w) Arsenic, Dissolved | g | 8.8 E-05 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Nickel, Total | g | 0.14 | 3% | 31% | 66% | |
| (w) Nickel, Dissolved | g | 1.1 E-02 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Copper, Total | g | 8.7 E-03 | 5% | 92% | 3% | |
| (w) Zinc, Total | g | 1.3 E-03 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Zinc, Dissolved | g | 4.2 E-04 | 53% | 33% | 14% | |
| (w) Lead, Total | g | 4.1 E-02 | 46% | 51% | 3% | |
| (w) Lead, Dissolved | g | 1.4 E-04 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Mercury, Total | g | 4.0 E-05 | 0% | 0.0% | 100% | |
| (w) Mercury, Dissolved | g | 4.6 E-05 | 38% | 36% | 26% | |
| (w) Silver, Total | g | 1.8 E-04 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Silver, Dissolved | g | 8.4 E-07 | 40% | 22% | 38% | |
| (w) Cadmium, Total | g | 4.2 E-05 | 0% | 0% | 100% | |
| (w) Cadmium, Dissolved | g | 1.5 E-06 | ||||
| (w) Chromium, Total | g | 3.3 E-04 | 21% | 20% | 59% | |
| (w) Acids, Total | g | 1.4 E-02 | 11% | 2% | 87% | |
| Solid Materials: Waste Rock and Backfill | kg | 175 | 24% | 0.5% | 76% | |
| Solid Materials: Tailings and Other Process Residues | kg | 187 | 0.1% | 7% | 93% | |
| Solid Materials: Other | kg | 1.8 | 25% | 5.8% | 69% | |
| Energy: | Feedstock Energy | MJ | 95 | 2% | 1.3% | 97% |
| Fuel Energy | MJ | 360 | 3% | 3% | 94% | |
| Non Renewable Energy | MJ | 432 | 2% | 2% | 95% | |
| Renewable Energy | MJ | 22 | 4% | 4% | 92% | |
| Total Primary Energy | MJ | 455 | 3% | 3% | 95% | |
| Potential Impacts: | CML- Air Acidification | g eq. H | 73 | 0.3% | 0.5% | 99% |
| CML - Eutrophication | g eq. PO4 | 127 | 0.8% | 80% | 19% | |
| IPCC- Global Warming (direct, 100 years) | g eq. CO2 | 27983 | 3% | 3% | 94% | |
| WHO- Photochemical Oxidant Formation (average) | g eq. Ethylene | 11 | 4% | 2% | 94% | |
| EB(R*Y)-Depletion of non renewable resources | yr-1 | 147 | 79% | 0% | 21% | |
| Note: 0% means a value less than 0.1% | ||||||
| Blank cells means no value at all. | ||||||
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