SAFE USE OF NICKEL IN THE WORKPLACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 SUMMARY
1.2 PRODUCTION AND USE
1.3 SOURCES OF
EXPOSURE
1.4 PHARMACOKINETICS OF
NICKEL
1.5
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF NICKEL COMPOUNDS
1.5.1
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF METALLIC NICKEL
1.5.2 SUMMARY OF
NICKEL METAL ALLOYS
1.5.3
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF SOLUBLE NICKEL
1.5.4
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF OXIDIC NICKEL
1.5.5
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF SULFIDIC NICKEL
1.5.6
SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY OF NICKEL CARBONYL 1.6 ASSESSING
THE RISKS OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO NICKEL
1.7 WORKPLACE
SURVEILLANCE
1.8 CONTROL MEASURES
1.9 LIMIT
VALUES AND HAZARD COMMUNICATION
2.1 NICKEL-PRODUCING
INDUSTRIES
2.2 NICKEL-USING
INDUSTRIES
2.3 REFERENCES
3.1 OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURES
3.2 NON-OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURES
3.3 REFERENCES
4. PHARMACOKINETICS OF NICKEL COMPOUNDS
4.1 INTAKE
4.2 ABSORPTION 4.2.1
RESPIRATORY TRACT DEPOSITION, ABSORPTION AND RETENTION
4.2.2 DERMAL
ABSORPTION
4.2.3
GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION 4.3
DISTRIBUTION
4.4 EXCRETION
4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING
METABOLISM
4.6 REFERENCES
5. TOXICITY OF NICKEL COMPOUNDS
5.1 METALLIC NICKEL 5.1.1
INHALATION EXPOSURE: METALLIC NICKEL
5.1.2 DERMAL
EXPOSURE: METALLIC NICKEL 5.2
NICKEL ALLOYS 5.2.1 INHALATION
EXPOSURE: NICKEL ALLOYS
5.2.2 DERMAL
EXPOSURE: NICKEL ALLOYS 5.3
SOLUBLE NICKEL 5.3.1 INHALATION EXPOSURE:
SOLUBLE NICKEL
5.3.2 DERMAL
EXPOSURE: SOLUBLE NICKEL
5.3.3 OTHER
EXPOSURES: SOLUBLE NICKEL 5.4
OXIDIC NICKEL 5.4.1 INHALATION EXPOSURE:
OXIDIC NICKEL 5.5 SULFIDIC
NICKEL 5.5.1 INHALATION
EXPOSURE: SULFIDIC NICKEL 5.6
NICKEL CARBONYL 5.6.1 INHALATION
EXPOSURE: NICKEL CARBONYL 5.7
REFERENCES
6. ASSESSING THE RISKS OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO NICKEL
6.1
DETERMINING THE POPULATION AT RISK
6.2 IDENTIFYING THE
HAZARDS
6.3
ASSESSING EXPOSURES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 6.3.1 PRE-PLACEMENT
ASSESSMENT
6.3.2 PERIODIC
ASSESSMENT
6.3.3 BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING 6.3.3.1 NICKEL
IN URINE
6.3.3.2 NICKEL IN BLOOD 6.4
DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
6.5 TRAINING
6.6 BENCHMARKING
6.7 REFERENCES
7.1 AIR MONITORING 7.1.1 SAMPLING STRATEGY
7.1.2 MONITORING
FREQUENCY
7.1.3 EQUIPMENT
7.1.4 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
7.1.5 SAMPLE ANALYSIS
7.1.6 CALCULATING
EXPOSURE RESULTS
7.1.7 DETERMINING
COMPLIANCE
7.1.8 EMPLOYEE
NOTIFICATION
7.1.9 RECORDKEEPING 7.2 CARCINOGENIC
CLASSIFICATIONS
7.3 REFERENCES
8.1 ENGINEERING
CONTROLS 8.1.1 EXHAUST
VENTILATION
8.1.2 DILUTION
VENTILATION 8.2
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
8.3 WORK PRACTICE
CONTROLS
8.4 PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 8.4.1
RESPIRATORS 8.4.1.1
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
9. LIMIT VALUES AND HAZARD COMMUNICATION
9.1 EXPOSURE LIMITS 9.1.1 AUSTRALIA
9.1.2 CANADA
9.1.3 THE EUROPEAN UNION
(EU) 9.1.3.1 UNITED
KINGDOM (U. K.)
9.1.3.2 GERMANY 9.1.4 JAPAN
9.1.5 UNITED STATES (U.
S.)
9.1.6 BIOLOGICAL LIMIT
VALUES 9.2 AUSTRALIA
9.3 CANADA
9.4 EUROPEAN UNION
(EU)
9.5 JAPAN
9.6 UNITED STATES (U.
S.)
9.7 REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - SOURCES OF USEFUL
INFORMATION
APPENDIX B - SELECT PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING
AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC METALS
APPENDIX C - CALCULATING EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS AND
ACRONYMS
GLOSSARY
